大学入学共通テスト（英語） 過去問
令和4年度（2022年度）追・再試験
問39 (＜旧課程＞英語リーディング（第6問） 問1)

各問いの英文や図表を読み、解答番号にあてはまるものとして最も適当な選択肢を選びなさい。

Your study group is learning about ”false memories.” One group member has made partial notes.Read this article to complete the notes for your next study meeting.

False Memories

What are memories？ Most people imagine them to be something like video recordings of events in our minds.Whether it is a memory of love that we treasure or something more like failure that we fear， most of us believe our memories are a permanent record of what happened.We may agree that they get harder to recall as time goes on， but we think we remember the truth.Psychologists now tell us that this is not the case.Our memories can change or even be changed.They can move anywhere from slightly incorrect to absolutely false！ According to well-known researcher Elizabeth Loftus， rather than being a complete， correct， unchanging recording， ”Memory works a little bit more like a Wikipedia page.” Anyone， including the original author， can edit the information.
Serious research investigating ”false memories” is relatively new.Scholars Hyman and Billings worked with a group of college students.For this experiment， first， the students’ parents sent stories about some eventful episodes from their child’s youth to the interviewers.Using this family information， they interviewed each student twice.They mentioned some actual experiences from the person’s childhood； but， for their experiment， they added a made-up story about an eventful wedding， encouraging the student to believe the fake wedding had really happened.The following two sections contain actual conversations from the interviews of one student.Missing words are indicated by ”...”； author’s comments by ”（ ）.”


Interviewer：I　　Student：S
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First Interview

I： ...looks like an eventful wedding...you were five years old...playing with some other kids...
（The interviewer， referring to the false event as if the information came from the student’s parent， goes on to say that while playing with friends the student caused an accident and the bride’s parents got all wet.）
S： I don’t remember...that’s pretty funny...
I： ...seems that would be kind of eventful...
S： ...a wedding.I wonder whose wedding...a wedding reception？ I can totally see myself like running around with other kids...
I： You could see yourself doing that？
S： ...bumping into a table？ Oh yeah， I would do that...maybe not a wedding...like a big picnic...
（The student is starting to believe that bumping into the table sounds familiar.As they finish， the student is asked to think over the conversation they had before the next session.）
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Second Interview

（The interviewer has just asked about some real events from the student’s childhood and once again returns to the wedding discussed in the previous session.）
I： The next one I have is an eventful wedding reception at age five.
S： Yeah， I thought about this one...
（The student goes on to describe the people he got wet.）
S： ...I picture him having a dark suit on...tall and big...square face...I see her in a light-colored dress...
（The student has new images in mind and can tell this story as if it were an actual memory.）
S： ...near a tree...drinks on the table...I bumped the glasses or something...
（This student then provides more information on the couple’s clothing.）
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The students participating in this experiment came to believe that the false experiences the interviewers planted were absolutely true.By the second interview some students thought everything previously discussed was based on information from their parents about real events.This suggests that， when talking about memories， word choice makes a big difference in responses.Certain words lead us to recall a situation differently.Because the interviewer mentioned an ”eventful” wedding several times， the student started having a false memory of this wedding.
Since the time of Sigmund Freud， called ”the father of modern psychology，” mental therapy has asked people to think back to their childhood to understand their problems.In the late 20th century， people believed that recalling old memories was a good way to heal the mind， so there were exercises and interviewing techniques encouraging patients to imagine various old family situations.Now， we realize that such activities may lead to false memories because our memories are affected by many factors.It is not just what we remember， but when we remember， where we are when we remember， who is asking， and how they are asking.We may， therefore， believe something that comes from our imagination is actually true.Perhaps experts should start researching whether there is such a thing as ”true memories.”


Choose the best option to complete statement （　39　）.