共通テスト（英語） 過去問
令和7年度（2025年度）本試験
問33 (英語リーディング（第7問） 問2)
問題文
各大問の英文や図表を読み、最も適当な選択肢を選びなさい。
You are preparing a presentation for a science project on animal habits. You found some interesting information in the article below and are now making your outline.
Animal Sleep Patterns
If you ever spend all day at home，you might notice that your pet cat sleeps a lot during the day and is quite active in the evening and early morning. Humans，on the other hand，are awake during most of the daylight and evening hours and then sleep for a long time at night.
Sleep is essential for animals’ physical and mental health，and for their bodies to function efficiently. For animals with brains and central nervous systems，sleep is generally defined as an altered state of consciousness characterized by specific body positions，closed eyes，a general decrease in physical activity，and slower response rates. Sleep also gives the brain neurons a chance to reset，and the body becomes energized. Most creatures experience states of sleep，but the types and patterns differ from species to species.
Different sleep patterns over a 24−hour cycle have been identified in various types of animals. Three common patterns are called monophasic，biphasic，and polyphasic. Monophasic sleep，experienced by humans and many larger animals，happens when one is awake and active for many hours，and then one sleeps for an extended period. Some birds，insects，and mammals utilize a kind of biphasic sleep，where the animal has two waking and sleeping times，with one sleep being long and the other like a nap. Dogs and cats are polyphasic，meaning they have four to six sleeping and waking periods throughout the day.
There are variations in sleep patterns depending on the animal’s size，physical needs，and diet. Smaller animals such as squirrels or mice tend to use up their energy by moving quickly and frequently.This results in the need to sleep more often but for shorter periods of time.Lions are carnivorous animals and have longer sleeping times because their food sources satisfy their hunger for longer periods. Large herbivores like wild horses， on the other hand， sleep less than meat−eating animals because their plant−based diet has relatively few calories， resulting in the need to spend most of their time searching for food.
Safety is another variable in sleep patterns. Animals that can create safe spaces tend to enjoy longer periods of sleep， but those that might need to stay alert sleep less. Apes sleep on platforms， high above the jungle floor， which keep them away from attackers. Some smaller animals such as rabbits create shelters by digging into the ground where it is difficult for predators to find them. As a result， they feel safer and sleep longer. In contrast， elephants often travel long distances and may feel exposed to danger from hunters or other animals， contributing to their short sleeping times.
The animal sleep patterns discussed so far tend to be typical. A pattern that may be less easily noticed in our daily lives is called unihemispheric sleep. In this type of sleep， some animals traveling in a group keep one eye open. While one side of the animal’s brain sleeps， the other side stays awake and alert to its surroundings. In this way， the animal can experience the reviving effects of sleep while also watching out for threats. This unihemispheric sleep occurs in some bird species when they are flying long distances in groups. Birds flying at the outer edge of the group use this type of sleep to help protect the other members that sleep with both eyes closed.
Besides the types of sleep explained above， there are patterns that can be considered to be sleep−like activities. Hibernation， which can be observed in black bears， is a long， inactive period when food is scarce or the weather is severe. During this time， the animal’s body temperature drops， its heart rate and breathing slow down， and it may appear dead. Creatures such as jellyfish that have no central nervous system also experience times of extreme relaxation where they remain in a less responsive state.
As shown above， sleep plays an important role in the lives of animals and it is much more complex than simply closing the eyes.
Your presentation outline
How Animals Sleep
Importance of Sleep（ 32 ）
A.To alter body temperature
B.To maintain overall health
C.To refresh the animal’s body
D.To reset the brain neurons
Biphasic Sleep Pattern （in each 24−hour cycle）（ 33 ）
Some Conditions Affecting Sleep Patterns
− Animals（ 34 ）.
− Animals（ 35 ）.
Unihemispheric Sleep
− Some birds（ 36 ）.
（ 37 ）
− Black bear hibernation
− Jellyfish relaxation
You want to use a figure for the biphasic sleep pattern mentioned in the article. Choose the best option for （ 33 ）.
You are preparing a presentation for a science project on animal habits. You found some interesting information in the article below and are now making your outline.
Animal Sleep Patterns
If you ever spend all day at home，you might notice that your pet cat sleeps a lot during the day and is quite active in the evening and early morning. Humans，on the other hand，are awake during most of the daylight and evening hours and then sleep for a long time at night.
Sleep is essential for animals’ physical and mental health，and for their bodies to function efficiently. For animals with brains and central nervous systems，sleep is generally defined as an altered state of consciousness characterized by specific body positions，closed eyes，a general decrease in physical activity，and slower response rates. Sleep also gives the brain neurons a chance to reset，and the body becomes energized. Most creatures experience states of sleep，but the types and patterns differ from species to species.
Different sleep patterns over a 24−hour cycle have been identified in various types of animals. Three common patterns are called monophasic，biphasic，and polyphasic. Monophasic sleep，experienced by humans and many larger animals，happens when one is awake and active for many hours，and then one sleeps for an extended period. Some birds，insects，and mammals utilize a kind of biphasic sleep，where the animal has two waking and sleeping times，with one sleep being long and the other like a nap. Dogs and cats are polyphasic，meaning they have four to six sleeping and waking periods throughout the day.
There are variations in sleep patterns depending on the animal’s size，physical needs，and diet. Smaller animals such as squirrels or mice tend to use up their energy by moving quickly and frequently.This results in the need to sleep more often but for shorter periods of time.Lions are carnivorous animals and have longer sleeping times because their food sources satisfy their hunger for longer periods. Large herbivores like wild horses， on the other hand， sleep less than meat−eating animals because their plant−based diet has relatively few calories， resulting in the need to spend most of their time searching for food.
Safety is another variable in sleep patterns. Animals that can create safe spaces tend to enjoy longer periods of sleep， but those that might need to stay alert sleep less. Apes sleep on platforms， high above the jungle floor， which keep them away from attackers. Some smaller animals such as rabbits create shelters by digging into the ground where it is difficult for predators to find them. As a result， they feel safer and sleep longer. In contrast， elephants often travel long distances and may feel exposed to danger from hunters or other animals， contributing to their short sleeping times.
The animal sleep patterns discussed so far tend to be typical. A pattern that may be less easily noticed in our daily lives is called unihemispheric sleep. In this type of sleep， some animals traveling in a group keep one eye open. While one side of the animal’s brain sleeps， the other side stays awake and alert to its surroundings. In this way， the animal can experience the reviving effects of sleep while also watching out for threats. This unihemispheric sleep occurs in some bird species when they are flying long distances in groups. Birds flying at the outer edge of the group use this type of sleep to help protect the other members that sleep with both eyes closed.
Besides the types of sleep explained above， there are patterns that can be considered to be sleep−like activities. Hibernation， which can be observed in black bears， is a long， inactive period when food is scarce or the weather is severe. During this time， the animal’s body temperature drops， its heart rate and breathing slow down， and it may appear dead. Creatures such as jellyfish that have no central nervous system also experience times of extreme relaxation where they remain in a less responsive state.
As shown above， sleep plays an important role in the lives of animals and it is much more complex than simply closing the eyes.
Your presentation outline
How Animals Sleep
Importance of Sleep（ 32 ）
A.To alter body temperature
B.To maintain overall health
C.To refresh the animal’s body
D.To reset the brain neurons
Biphasic Sleep Pattern （in each 24−hour cycle）（ 33 ）
Some Conditions Affecting Sleep Patterns
− Animals（ 34 ）.
− Animals（ 35 ）.
Unihemispheric Sleep
− Some birds（ 36 ）.
（ 37 ）
− Black bear hibernation
− Jellyfish relaxation
You want to use a figure for the biphasic sleep pattern mentioned in the article. Choose the best option for （ 33 ）.
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問題
共通テスト（英語）試験 令和7年度（2025年度）本試験 問33（英語リーディング（第7問） 問2） （訂正依頼・報告はこちら）
各大問の英文や図表を読み、最も適当な選択肢を選びなさい。
You are preparing a presentation for a science project on animal habits. You found some interesting information in the article below and are now making your outline.
Animal Sleep Patterns
If you ever spend all day at home，you might notice that your pet cat sleeps a lot during the day and is quite active in the evening and early morning. Humans，on the other hand，are awake during most of the daylight and evening hours and then sleep for a long time at night.
Sleep is essential for animals’ physical and mental health，and for their bodies to function efficiently. For animals with brains and central nervous systems，sleep is generally defined as an altered state of consciousness characterized by specific body positions，closed eyes，a general decrease in physical activity，and slower response rates. Sleep also gives the brain neurons a chance to reset，and the body becomes energized. Most creatures experience states of sleep，but the types and patterns differ from species to species.
Different sleep patterns over a 24−hour cycle have been identified in various types of animals. Three common patterns are called monophasic，biphasic，and polyphasic. Monophasic sleep，experienced by humans and many larger animals，happens when one is awake and active for many hours，and then one sleeps for an extended period. Some birds，insects，and mammals utilize a kind of biphasic sleep，where the animal has two waking and sleeping times，with one sleep being long and the other like a nap. Dogs and cats are polyphasic，meaning they have four to six sleeping and waking periods throughout the day.
There are variations in sleep patterns depending on the animal’s size，physical needs，and diet. Smaller animals such as squirrels or mice tend to use up their energy by moving quickly and frequently.This results in the need to sleep more often but for shorter periods of time.Lions are carnivorous animals and have longer sleeping times because their food sources satisfy their hunger for longer periods. Large herbivores like wild horses， on the other hand， sleep less than meat−eating animals because their plant−based diet has relatively few calories， resulting in the need to spend most of their time searching for food.
Safety is another variable in sleep patterns. Animals that can create safe spaces tend to enjoy longer periods of sleep， but those that might need to stay alert sleep less. Apes sleep on platforms， high above the jungle floor， which keep them away from attackers. Some smaller animals such as rabbits create shelters by digging into the ground where it is difficult for predators to find them. As a result， they feel safer and sleep longer. In contrast， elephants often travel long distances and may feel exposed to danger from hunters or other animals， contributing to their short sleeping times.
The animal sleep patterns discussed so far tend to be typical. A pattern that may be less easily noticed in our daily lives is called unihemispheric sleep. In this type of sleep， some animals traveling in a group keep one eye open. While one side of the animal’s brain sleeps， the other side stays awake and alert to its surroundings. In this way， the animal can experience the reviving effects of sleep while also watching out for threats. This unihemispheric sleep occurs in some bird species when they are flying long distances in groups. Birds flying at the outer edge of the group use this type of sleep to help protect the other members that sleep with both eyes closed.
Besides the types of sleep explained above， there are patterns that can be considered to be sleep−like activities. Hibernation， which can be observed in black bears， is a long， inactive period when food is scarce or the weather is severe. During this time， the animal’s body temperature drops， its heart rate and breathing slow down， and it may appear dead. Creatures such as jellyfish that have no central nervous system also experience times of extreme relaxation where they remain in a less responsive state.
As shown above， sleep plays an important role in the lives of animals and it is much more complex than simply closing the eyes.
Your presentation outline
How Animals Sleep
Importance of Sleep（ 32 ）
A.To alter body temperature
B.To maintain overall health
C.To refresh the animal’s body
D.To reset the brain neurons
Biphasic Sleep Pattern （in each 24−hour cycle）（ 33 ）
Some Conditions Affecting Sleep Patterns
− Animals（ 34 ）.
− Animals（ 35 ）.
Unihemispheric Sleep
− Some birds（ 36 ）.
（ 37 ）
− Black bear hibernation
− Jellyfish relaxation
You want to use a figure for the biphasic sleep pattern mentioned in the article. Choose the best option for （ 33 ）.
You are preparing a presentation for a science project on animal habits. You found some interesting information in the article below and are now making your outline.
Animal Sleep Patterns
If you ever spend all day at home，you might notice that your pet cat sleeps a lot during the day and is quite active in the evening and early morning. Humans，on the other hand，are awake during most of the daylight and evening hours and then sleep for a long time at night.
Sleep is essential for animals’ physical and mental health，and for their bodies to function efficiently. For animals with brains and central nervous systems，sleep is generally defined as an altered state of consciousness characterized by specific body positions，closed eyes，a general decrease in physical activity，and slower response rates. Sleep also gives the brain neurons a chance to reset，and the body becomes energized. Most creatures experience states of sleep，but the types and patterns differ from species to species.
Different sleep patterns over a 24−hour cycle have been identified in various types of animals. Three common patterns are called monophasic，biphasic，and polyphasic. Monophasic sleep，experienced by humans and many larger animals，happens when one is awake and active for many hours，and then one sleeps for an extended period. Some birds，insects，and mammals utilize a kind of biphasic sleep，where the animal has two waking and sleeping times，with one sleep being long and the other like a nap. Dogs and cats are polyphasic，meaning they have four to six sleeping and waking periods throughout the day.
There are variations in sleep patterns depending on the animal’s size，physical needs，and diet. Smaller animals such as squirrels or mice tend to use up their energy by moving quickly and frequently.This results in the need to sleep more often but for shorter periods of time.Lions are carnivorous animals and have longer sleeping times because their food sources satisfy their hunger for longer periods. Large herbivores like wild horses， on the other hand， sleep less than meat−eating animals because their plant−based diet has relatively few calories， resulting in the need to spend most of their time searching for food.
Safety is another variable in sleep patterns. Animals that can create safe spaces tend to enjoy longer periods of sleep， but those that might need to stay alert sleep less. Apes sleep on platforms， high above the jungle floor， which keep them away from attackers. Some smaller animals such as rabbits create shelters by digging into the ground where it is difficult for predators to find them. As a result， they feel safer and sleep longer. In contrast， elephants often travel long distances and may feel exposed to danger from hunters or other animals， contributing to their short sleeping times.
The animal sleep patterns discussed so far tend to be typical. A pattern that may be less easily noticed in our daily lives is called unihemispheric sleep. In this type of sleep， some animals traveling in a group keep one eye open. While one side of the animal’s brain sleeps， the other side stays awake and alert to its surroundings. In this way， the animal can experience the reviving effects of sleep while also watching out for threats. This unihemispheric sleep occurs in some bird species when they are flying long distances in groups. Birds flying at the outer edge of the group use this type of sleep to help protect the other members that sleep with both eyes closed.
Besides the types of sleep explained above， there are patterns that can be considered to be sleep−like activities. Hibernation， which can be observed in black bears， is a long， inactive period when food is scarce or the weather is severe. During this time， the animal’s body temperature drops， its heart rate and breathing slow down， and it may appear dead. Creatures such as jellyfish that have no central nervous system also experience times of extreme relaxation where they remain in a less responsive state.
As shown above， sleep plays an important role in the lives of animals and it is much more complex than simply closing the eyes.
Your presentation outline
How Animals Sleep
Importance of Sleep（ 32 ）
A.To alter body temperature
B.To maintain overall health
C.To refresh the animal’s body
D.To reset the brain neurons
Biphasic Sleep Pattern （in each 24−hour cycle）（ 33 ）
Some Conditions Affecting Sleep Patterns
− Animals（ 34 ）.
− Animals（ 35 ）.
Unihemispheric Sleep
− Some birds（ 36 ）.
（ 37 ）
− Black bear hibernation
− Jellyfish relaxation
You want to use a figure for the biphasic sleep pattern mentioned in the article. Choose the best option for （ 33 ）.
正解！素晴らしいです
残念...
この過去問の解説 （3件）
01
設問：記事で述べられている二相性睡眠を説明するために図を使いたいです。（ 33 ）に入る最も適切な図を選びなさい。
問題のポイント
①二相性睡眠の説明文を探し、適切な図を選びましょう。
訳）
あなたは、動物習性についての研究発表を準備しています。次の記事の中に興味深い情報を見つけたので、現在発表のアウトラインを作成しています。
動物の睡眠パターン
もし一日中家で過ごしたことがあれば、飼い猫が昼間によく眠り、夕方や早朝になると活発になることに気付くかもしれません。
一方、人間は日中から夕方にかけて起きて活動し、夜に長時間眠ります。
睡眠は動物の身体的・精神的な健康に不可欠であり、体が効率よく機能するためにも必要です。脳と中枢神経系を持つ動物では、睡眠とは一般的に、特定の姿勢をとり、目を閉じ、身体活動が全体的に低下し、反応速度が遅くなる意識状態の変化として定義されます。睡眠によって脳の神経細胞はリセットされ、体は再び活力を得ます。ほとんどの生物は睡眠状態を経験しますが、その種類やパターンは生物によって異なります。
・essential（形容詞）：必要不可欠な
・efficiently（副詞）：効率的に
・central nervous systems：中枢神経系
・define（動詞）：定義する
・consciousness（名詞）：意識
differ from：異なる
24時間周期の中で、さまざまな睡眠パターンが確認されています。代表的なものに、単相性睡眠、二相性睡眠、多相性睡眠の3種類があります。単相性睡眠は人間や多くの大型動物に見られます。長時間起きて活動し、その後まとまった時間眠る睡眠パターンです。鳥類、昆虫類、哺乳類の一部には二相性睡眠が見られます。これは1日の中で2回の覚醒時間と2回の睡眠時間があり、一方は長い睡眠、もう一方は昼寝のような短い睡眠です。犬や猫は多相性睡眠です。つまり、1日の中で4～6回の睡眠と覚醒を繰り返します。
・mammal（名詞）：哺乳類
・utilize（動詞）：使用する
・throughout the day：1日中
睡眠パターンは動物の大きさ、身体的な必要性、食べ物によっても変化します。リスやネズミのような小動物は、素早く頻繁に動くことでエネルギーを消費します。その結果、より頻繁に眠る必要がありますが、一度の睡眠時間は短くなります。ライオンは肉食動物です。獲物を食べると長時間空腹にならないため、睡眠時間も長くなります。一方、野生の馬のような大型草食動物は肉食動物より睡眠時間が短くなります。植物中心の食事はカロリーが少ないため、多くの時間を食べ物探しに費やさなければならないからです。
・variation（名詞）：変化
・diet（名詞）：食べ物
・squirrel（名詞）：リス
・carnivorous animal：肉食動物
・satisfy（動詞）：満足する
・herbivore（名詞）：草食動物
安全性も睡眠パターンに影響を与える要因です。安全な場所を作れる動物は長時間眠る傾向があります。しかし、常に警戒する必要がある動物は睡眠時間が短くなります。類人猿はジャングルの地面から高い場所に寝床を作ります。そのため敵から襲われにくくなります。ウサギのような小動物は地面に穴を掘って巣穴を作ります。捕食者に見つかりにくいためです。その結果、安心して長く眠ることができます。一方、ゾウは長距離を移動することが多く、狩猟者や他の動物による危険にさらされていると感じるため、睡眠時間が短くなります。
・variable（形容詞）：変わりやすい
・dig（動詞）：掘る
・predator（名詞）：捕食者
・contribute to～:～に寄与する
ここまで説明した動物の睡眠パターンは一般的なものです。しかし、私たちの日常生活ではあまり気付きにくい睡眠パターンもあります。それは「半球睡眠」と呼ばれるものです。この睡眠では、群れで移動する動物の一部が片目を開けたまま眠ります。脳の片側が眠っている間、もう片側は起きていて周囲を警戒しています。この方法によって、睡眠による回復効果を得ながら、危険にも備えることができます。この半球睡眠は、長距離を群れで飛行する一部の鳥に見られます。群れの外側を飛ぶ鳥は、この睡眠方法を利用して、両目を閉じて眠っている仲間たちを守っています。
・surrounding（名詞）：周囲
・reviving effect（回復効果）
これまで説明した睡眠以外にも、睡眠に似た活動があります。冬眠はその一例です。クロクマに見られる冬眠は、食べ物が不足したり天候が厳しかったりするときに起こる、長期間の不活動状態です。この期間中、体温は低下し、心拍数は遅くなり、呼吸も遅くなります。その結果、まるで死んでいるように見えることもあります。また、クラゲのように中枢神経系を持たない生物でも、極度にリラックスした状態になることがあります。その間は反応が鈍くなります。
・hibernation(名詞)：島民
・inactive（形容詞）：不活動
・jellyfish（名詞）：クラゲ
このように、睡眠は動物の生活において重要な役割を果たしており、単に目を閉じるだけのものではなく、私たちが思う以上に複雑なものなのです。
◆◆◆◆◆
プレゼンテーションのアウトライン
動物はどのように眠るのか
睡眠の重要性（ 32 ）
A. 体温を変化させるため
B. 全体的な健康を維持するため
C. 動物の体を回復させるため
D. 脳の神経細胞をリセットするため
二相性睡眠パターン（24時間周期）（ 33 ）
睡眠パターンに影響する条件
− （ 34 ）の動物
− （ 35 ）の動物
半球睡眠Unihemispheric Sleep
− 一部の鳥は（ 36 ）.
（ 37 ）
− クロクマの冬眠
− クラゲのリラックス状態
正解
根拠となる文は三段落目の中盤、Some birds，insects，and mammals utilize a kind of biphasic sleep，where the animal has two waking and sleeping times，with one sleep being long and the other like a nap（鳥類、昆虫類、哺乳類の一部には二相性睡眠が見られます。これは1日の中で2回の覚醒時間と2回の睡眠時間があり、一方は長い睡眠、もう一方は昼寝のような短い睡眠です。）.です。
睡眠時間がグレーで示されています。本文で述べられているように、一方は長い睡眠、もう一方は昼寝のような短い睡眠のため正解です。
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この解説の修正を提案する
02
「あなたは記事内で言及されている二層性の睡眠パターンを使いたいと考えています。33に最も当てはまるパターンを選んでください。」
”biphasic sleep”という単語を探すと、３段落目４行目にあるためこの文章を読んでみると、
”Some birds，insects，and mammals utilize a kind of biphasic sleep，where the animal has two waking and sleeping times，with one sleep being long and the other like a nap.”
「いくつかの鳥や虫、哺乳類は２つの起きている時間と寝ている時間があり、１つの睡眠時間は長く、もう１つは昼寝のような二層性の睡眠パターンを利用します。」
とあるため、これに当てはまるグラフを探します。
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この解説の修正を提案する
03
問題文は
「記事で述べられている二相睡眠パターンを表す表を使いたい。1番適しているものを選びなさい」
です。
the biphasic sleep pattern （二相睡眠パターン）についての記述を探します。
該当するのは
Some birds，insects，and mammals utilize a kind of biphasic sleep，where the animal has two waking and sleeping times，with one sleep being long and the other like a nap.
（鳥、昆虫そして哺乳類には、一種の二相睡眠をとっています。それは、起きる時間帯と寝る時間帯が2回あるんです。それは、一度は長く寝て、もう一度は昼寝のような感じです。）
これに該当するグラフを選びましょう。
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この解説の修正を提案する
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