大学入学共通テスト（英語） 過去問
令和4年度（2022年度）本試験
問43 (英語リーディング（第6問） 問A-4（2）)
問題文
次の英文や図表を読み、解答番号にあてはまるものとして最も適当な選択肢を選びなさい。
Your study group is learning about ”how time of day affects people.” You have found an article you want to share. Complete the summary notes for your next meeting.
When Does the Day Begin for You？
When asked ”Are you a morning person？” some reply ”No， I’m a night owl.” Such people can concentrate and create at night. At the other end of the clock， a well−known proverb claims： ”The early bird catches the worm，” which means that waking early is the way to get food， win prizes， and reach goals. The lark is a morning singer， so early birds， the opposite of owls， are larks. Creatures active during the day are ”diurnal” and those emerging at night are ”nocturnal.”
Yet another proverb states： ”Early to bed， early to rise makes a man healthy， wealthy， and wise.” Larks may jump out of bed and welcome the morning with a big breakfast， while owls hit the snooze button， getting ready at the last minute， usually without breakfast. They may have fewer meals， but they eat late in the day. Not exercising after meals can cause weight gain. Perhaps larks are healthier. Owls must work or learn on the lark schedule. Most schooling occurs before4：00 p.m.、 so young larks may perform certain tasks better. Business deals made early in the day may make some larks wealthier.
What makes one person a lark and another an owl？ One theory suggests preference for day or night has to do with time of birth. In 2010， Cleveland State University researchers found evidence that not only does a person’s internal clock start at the moment of birth， but that those born at night might have lifelong challenges performing during daytime hours. Usually， their world experience begins with darkness. Since traditional study time and office work happen in daylight， we assume that day begins in the morning. People asleep are not first in line， and might miss chances.
Does everyone follow the system of beginning days in the morning？ The Jewish people， an approximately 6，000−year−old religious group， believe a day is measured from sundown until the following sundown―from eve to eve. Christians continue this tradition with Christmas Eve. The Chinese use their system of 12 animals not only to mark years， but to separate each two−hour period of the day. The hour of the rat， the first period， is from 11：00 p.m. to 1：00 a.m. Chinese culture also begins the day at night. In other words， ancient customs support how owls view time.
Research indicates owls are smarter and more creative. So， perhaps larks are not always wiser！ That is to say， larks win ”healthy” and sometimes ”wealthy，” but they may lose ”wise.” In an early report， Richard D. Roberts and Patrick C. Kyllonen state that owls tend to be more intelligent. A later， comprehensive study by Franzis Preckel， for which Roberts was one of the co−authors， came to the same conclusion. It is not all good news for owls， though. Not only can schoolwork be a challenge， but they may miss daytime career opportunities and are more likely to enjoy the bad habits of ”nightlife，” playing at night while larks sleep. Nightlife tends to be expensive. A University of Barcelona study suggests larks are precise， seek perfection， and feel little stress. Owls seek new adventures and exciting leisure activities， yet they often have trouble relaxing.
Can people change？ While the results are not all in， studies of young adults seem to say no， we are hard−wired. So， as young people grow and acquire more freedom， they end up returning to their lark or owl nature. However， concerns arise that this categorization may not fit everyone. In addition to time of birth possibly being an indication， a report published in Nature Communications suggests that DNA may also affect our habits concerning time. Other works focus on changes occurring in some people due to aging or illness. New research in this area appears all the time. A study of university students in Russia suggests that there are six types， so owls and larks may not be the only birds around！
Your summary notes：
（See diagraph below.）
Choose the best options for （ 43 ）.
Your study group is learning about ”how time of day affects people.” You have found an article you want to share. Complete the summary notes for your next meeting.
When Does the Day Begin for You？
When asked ”Are you a morning person？” some reply ”No， I’m a night owl.” Such people can concentrate and create at night. At the other end of the clock， a well−known proverb claims： ”The early bird catches the worm，” which means that waking early is the way to get food， win prizes， and reach goals. The lark is a morning singer， so early birds， the opposite of owls， are larks. Creatures active during the day are ”diurnal” and those emerging at night are ”nocturnal.”
Yet another proverb states： ”Early to bed， early to rise makes a man healthy， wealthy， and wise.” Larks may jump out of bed and welcome the morning with a big breakfast， while owls hit the snooze button， getting ready at the last minute， usually without breakfast. They may have fewer meals， but they eat late in the day. Not exercising after meals can cause weight gain. Perhaps larks are healthier. Owls must work or learn on the lark schedule. Most schooling occurs before4：00 p.m.、 so young larks may perform certain tasks better. Business deals made early in the day may make some larks wealthier.
What makes one person a lark and another an owl？ One theory suggests preference for day or night has to do with time of birth. In 2010， Cleveland State University researchers found evidence that not only does a person’s internal clock start at the moment of birth， but that those born at night might have lifelong challenges performing during daytime hours. Usually， their world experience begins with darkness. Since traditional study time and office work happen in daylight， we assume that day begins in the morning. People asleep are not first in line， and might miss chances.
Does everyone follow the system of beginning days in the morning？ The Jewish people， an approximately 6，000−year−old religious group， believe a day is measured from sundown until the following sundown―from eve to eve. Christians continue this tradition with Christmas Eve. The Chinese use their system of 12 animals not only to mark years， but to separate each two−hour period of the day. The hour of the rat， the first period， is from 11：00 p.m. to 1：00 a.m. Chinese culture also begins the day at night. In other words， ancient customs support how owls view time.
Research indicates owls are smarter and more creative. So， perhaps larks are not always wiser！ That is to say， larks win ”healthy” and sometimes ”wealthy，” but they may lose ”wise.” In an early report， Richard D. Roberts and Patrick C. Kyllonen state that owls tend to be more intelligent. A later， comprehensive study by Franzis Preckel， for which Roberts was one of the co−authors， came to the same conclusion. It is not all good news for owls， though. Not only can schoolwork be a challenge， but they may miss daytime career opportunities and are more likely to enjoy the bad habits of ”nightlife，” playing at night while larks sleep. Nightlife tends to be expensive. A University of Barcelona study suggests larks are precise， seek perfection， and feel little stress. Owls seek new adventures and exciting leisure activities， yet they often have trouble relaxing.
Can people change？ While the results are not all in， studies of young adults seem to say no， we are hard−wired. So， as young people grow and acquire more freedom， they end up returning to their lark or owl nature. However， concerns arise that this categorization may not fit everyone. In addition to time of birth possibly being an indication， a report published in Nature Communications suggests that DNA may also affect our habits concerning time. Other works focus on changes occurring in some people due to aging or illness. New research in this area appears all the time. A study of university students in Russia suggests that there are six types， so owls and larks may not be the only birds around！
Your summary notes：
（See diagraph below.）
Choose the best options for （ 43 ）.
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問題
大学入学共通テスト（英語）試験 令和4年度（2022年度）本試験 問43（英語リーディング（第6問） 問A-4（2）） （訂正依頼・報告はこちら）
次の英文や図表を読み、解答番号にあてはまるものとして最も適当な選択肢を選びなさい。
Your study group is learning about ”how time of day affects people.” You have found an article you want to share. Complete the summary notes for your next meeting.
When Does the Day Begin for You？
When asked ”Are you a morning person？” some reply ”No， I’m a night owl.” Such people can concentrate and create at night. At the other end of the clock， a well−known proverb claims： ”The early bird catches the worm，” which means that waking early is the way to get food， win prizes， and reach goals. The lark is a morning singer， so early birds， the opposite of owls， are larks. Creatures active during the day are ”diurnal” and those emerging at night are ”nocturnal.”
Yet another proverb states： ”Early to bed， early to rise makes a man healthy， wealthy， and wise.” Larks may jump out of bed and welcome the morning with a big breakfast， while owls hit the snooze button， getting ready at the last minute， usually without breakfast. They may have fewer meals， but they eat late in the day. Not exercising after meals can cause weight gain. Perhaps larks are healthier. Owls must work or learn on the lark schedule. Most schooling occurs before4：00 p.m.、 so young larks may perform certain tasks better. Business deals made early in the day may make some larks wealthier.
What makes one person a lark and another an owl？ One theory suggests preference for day or night has to do with time of birth. In 2010， Cleveland State University researchers found evidence that not only does a person’s internal clock start at the moment of birth， but that those born at night might have lifelong challenges performing during daytime hours. Usually， their world experience begins with darkness. Since traditional study time and office work happen in daylight， we assume that day begins in the morning. People asleep are not first in line， and might miss chances.
Does everyone follow the system of beginning days in the morning？ The Jewish people， an approximately 6，000−year−old religious group， believe a day is measured from sundown until the following sundown―from eve to eve. Christians continue this tradition with Christmas Eve. The Chinese use their system of 12 animals not only to mark years， but to separate each two−hour period of the day. The hour of the rat， the first period， is from 11：00 p.m. to 1：00 a.m. Chinese culture also begins the day at night. In other words， ancient customs support how owls view time.
Research indicates owls are smarter and more creative. So， perhaps larks are not always wiser！ That is to say， larks win ”healthy” and sometimes ”wealthy，” but they may lose ”wise.” In an early report， Richard D. Roberts and Patrick C. Kyllonen state that owls tend to be more intelligent. A later， comprehensive study by Franzis Preckel， for which Roberts was one of the co−authors， came to the same conclusion. It is not all good news for owls， though. Not only can schoolwork be a challenge， but they may miss daytime career opportunities and are more likely to enjoy the bad habits of ”nightlife，” playing at night while larks sleep. Nightlife tends to be expensive. A University of Barcelona study suggests larks are precise， seek perfection， and feel little stress. Owls seek new adventures and exciting leisure activities， yet they often have trouble relaxing.
Can people change？ While the results are not all in， studies of young adults seem to say no， we are hard−wired. So， as young people grow and acquire more freedom， they end up returning to their lark or owl nature. However， concerns arise that this categorization may not fit everyone. In addition to time of birth possibly being an indication， a report published in Nature Communications suggests that DNA may also affect our habits concerning time. Other works focus on changes occurring in some people due to aging or illness. New research in this area appears all the time. A study of university students in Russia suggests that there are six types， so owls and larks may not be the only birds around！
Your summary notes：
（See diagraph below.）
Choose the best options for （ 43 ）.
Your study group is learning about ”how time of day affects people.” You have found an article you want to share. Complete the summary notes for your next meeting.
When Does the Day Begin for You？
When asked ”Are you a morning person？” some reply ”No， I’m a night owl.” Such people can concentrate and create at night. At the other end of the clock， a well−known proverb claims： ”The early bird catches the worm，” which means that waking early is the way to get food， win prizes， and reach goals. The lark is a morning singer， so early birds， the opposite of owls， are larks. Creatures active during the day are ”diurnal” and those emerging at night are ”nocturnal.”
Yet another proverb states： ”Early to bed， early to rise makes a man healthy， wealthy， and wise.” Larks may jump out of bed and welcome the morning with a big breakfast， while owls hit the snooze button， getting ready at the last minute， usually without breakfast. They may have fewer meals， but they eat late in the day. Not exercising after meals can cause weight gain. Perhaps larks are healthier. Owls must work or learn on the lark schedule. Most schooling occurs before4：00 p.m.、 so young larks may perform certain tasks better. Business deals made early in the day may make some larks wealthier.
What makes one person a lark and another an owl？ One theory suggests preference for day or night has to do with time of birth. In 2010， Cleveland State University researchers found evidence that not only does a person’s internal clock start at the moment of birth， but that those born at night might have lifelong challenges performing during daytime hours. Usually， their world experience begins with darkness. Since traditional study time and office work happen in daylight， we assume that day begins in the morning. People asleep are not first in line， and might miss chances.
Does everyone follow the system of beginning days in the morning？ The Jewish people， an approximately 6，000−year−old religious group， believe a day is measured from sundown until the following sundown―from eve to eve. Christians continue this tradition with Christmas Eve. The Chinese use their system of 12 animals not only to mark years， but to separate each two−hour period of the day. The hour of the rat， the first period， is from 11：00 p.m. to 1：00 a.m. Chinese culture also begins the day at night. In other words， ancient customs support how owls view time.
Research indicates owls are smarter and more creative. So， perhaps larks are not always wiser！ That is to say， larks win ”healthy” and sometimes ”wealthy，” but they may lose ”wise.” In an early report， Richard D. Roberts and Patrick C. Kyllonen state that owls tend to be more intelligent. A later， comprehensive study by Franzis Preckel， for which Roberts was one of the co−authors， came to the same conclusion. It is not all good news for owls， though. Not only can schoolwork be a challenge， but they may miss daytime career opportunities and are more likely to enjoy the bad habits of ”nightlife，” playing at night while larks sleep. Nightlife tends to be expensive. A University of Barcelona study suggests larks are precise， seek perfection， and feel little stress. Owls seek new adventures and exciting leisure activities， yet they often have trouble relaxing.
Can people change？ While the results are not all in， studies of young adults seem to say no， we are hard−wired. So， as young people grow and acquire more freedom， they end up returning to their lark or owl nature. However， concerns arise that this categorization may not fit everyone. In addition to time of birth possibly being an indication， a report published in Nature Communications suggests that DNA may also affect our habits concerning time. Other works focus on changes occurring in some people due to aging or illness. New research in this area appears all the time. A study of university students in Russia suggests that there are six types， so owls and larks may not be the only birds around！
Your summary notes：
（See diagraph below.）
Choose the best options for （ 43 ）.
- amount of sleep
- appearance
- behavior
- cultural background
- religious beliefs
- time of birth
正解！素晴らしいです
残念...
この過去問の解説 （1件）
01
( ４３ )に入る最も適切な選択肢を選ぶ問題です。
あなたの学習グループでは、「１日の時間帯が人に与える影響」について学習しています。共有したい記事を見つけたので、次回のミーティングに向けて要約ノートを完成させなさい。
あなたにとって１日はいつ始まりますか？
「朝型ですか？」と聞かれると「いいえ、夜型です」と答える人もいます。そのような人たちは、夜になると集中力が高まり、創造的になります。一方で、こんな有名なことわざもあります。「早起きの鳥は虫を捕まえる（早起きは三文の徳）」。これは、早く起きることが食べ物を得たり、賞を勝ち取ったり、目標を達成したりする近道だという意味です。ヒバリは朝に鳴く鳥で、夜型のフクロウとは反対に、朝方の人を指します。昼に活動する生き物は昼行性、夜に活動する生き物は夜行性と呼ばれます。
・I’m a night owl : 夜型の人という意味です。
・concentrate（動詞） : 集中するという意味です。
・at the other end of the clock : 反対側の時間帯、反対側、一方でという意味です。
・proverb（名詞） : ことわざという意味です。
・worm（名詞） : ミミズという意味です。
・lark（名詞） :ヒバリという意味です。
・diurnal（形容詞） : 昼行性のという意味です。
・nocturnal（形容詞） : 夜行性のという意味です。
さらに、別のことわざにはこうあります。「早寝早起きは人を健康に、裕福に、そして賢明にする」。朝型の人は、さっとベットから起きて、しっかり朝食をとって１日を始めます。一方、夜型の人はスヌーズボタンを何度も押し、ぎりぎりになって準備をし、たいてい朝食をとりません。夜型の人は食事の回数は少ないかもしれませんが、遅い時間に食べる傾向があります。食後に運動をしないと、体重増加につながることがあります。そのため、朝方の人の方が健康的かもしれません。夜型の人も朝方のスケジュールで働いたり学んだりしなければなりません。多くの学校教育は午後４時以前に行われるため、若い朝型の人は、特定の課題でより良い成果を出すことがあります。また、１日の早い時間に行われるビジネス交渉は、朝型の人をより裕福にする可能性もあります。
・perform（動詞） : 実行、果たすという意味です。
・certain（形容詞） : 特定のという意味です。
ある人は朝型で別の人は夜型なのはなぜでしょうか？ある理論では、朝型か夜型かは生まれた時間と関係しているとされています。２０１０年、クリーブランド州立大学の研究者たちは、人の体内時計は誕生した瞬間から動き始めるだけでなく、夜に生まれた人は、昼間に活動することに生涯にわたって困難を感じる可能性があるという証拠を見つけました。通常、その人の世界との最初の接触は暗闇から始まります。一般的な勉強や仕事は昼間に行われるため、私たちは１日は朝に始まると考えがちです。眠っている人は最初の順番に並べず、チャンスを逃すことがあります。
・has to do with ～ : ～と関係があるという意味です。
・internal clock : 体内時計という意味です。
・assume（動詞） : 仮定する、思い込むという意味です。
すべての人が朝から１日が始まるという考えに従っているのでしょうか？ユダヤ教徒は約６０００年の歴史をもつ宗教集団ですが、１日は日没から翌日の日没まで、つまり夕方から夕方までと考えています。キリスト教にもこの考えは残っており、クリスマスイブがその例です。中国では、１２の動物で年を表すだけでなく、１日を２時間ずつの時間帯に分けています。最初の時間帯である子の刻は、午後１１時から午前１時です。中国の文化では、１日は夜から始まります。言い換えれば、古代の習慣は夜型の人の時間間隔を支持しているといえます。
・follow（動詞） : 従うという意味です。
・approximately（副詞） : おおよそ、ほぼという意味です。
・ancient（形容詞） : 古代のという意味です。
研究によると、夜型の人は賢く、創造的だとされています。つまり、朝型の人が常により賢いとは限らないのです！朝型の人は「健康」や「富」では勝ることがあっても「知恵」では負けるかもしれません。初期の研究でRichard D. Roberts と Patrick C. Kyllonenは夜型の人は知能が高い傾向にあると述べています。その後、Robertsが共著者の１人であったFranzis Preckelによる包括的な研究でも、同じ結論に達しました。しかし夜型の人にとって良いことばかりではありません。学校の勉強が大変なだけでなく、昼間のキャリアチャンスを逃すこともあります。さたに、夜型の人は朝型の人が眠っている間にナイトライフと呼ばれる悪習を楽しみやすく、それはしばしば高くつくものです。バルセロナ大学の研究によると、朝型の人は正確で完璧を求め、ストレスをあまり感じません。一方、夜型の人は新しい冒険や刺激的な余暇を求めますが、リラックスするのが苦手な傾向にあります。
・that is to say : つまり、言ってみればという意味です。
・intelligent（形容詞）: 知的なという意味です。
・comprehensive（形容詞） : 包括的なという意味です。
・co−author（名詞） : 共著者という意味です。
・conclusion（名詞） : 結論という意味です。
・precise（形容詞）: 正確なという意味です。
・seek（動詞）: 求めるという意味です。
人は朝型・夜型を変えられるのでしょうか？結論はまだ出ていませんが、若年層の研究では生まれつき決まっている可能性が高いとされています。成長して自由が増すと、人は結局本来の朝型・夜型に戻るのです。ただし、この分類がすべての人に当てはまるわけではないという懸念も生じています。出生時刻が指標となる可能性に加え、Nature Communicationsに掲載された論文によると、ＤＮＡは時間に関する習慣にも影響を与える可能性があることが示唆されています。他の研究では、加齢や病気によって一部の人に起こる変化について焦点を当てています。新しい研究は次々と発表されており、ロシアの大学生を対象にした研究では、６つのタイプがあることが示されました。つまり、世の中にはフクロウとヒバリだけでなく、別の鳥もいるのかもしれません。
・hard−wired（形容詞） : 生まれつき備わっている、生来のという意味です。
・concern（名詞） : 懸念という意味です。
・categorization（名詞） : 分類という意味です。
・indication（名詞） : 指標という意味です。
・concerning（前置詞） : ～に関するという意味です。
要約ノート
あなたにとって１日はいつ始まりますか？
語彙
昼行性のの定義 : （ 39 ）
⇔反対語 : 夜行性の
主なポイント
・私たち全員が、一般的な昼型の生活リズムに自然に当てはまるわけではないが、特に子どもの頃は、その生活リズムに従うことを強いられている。
・いくつかの研究は、個々の最も活動的な時間帯は生まれつきの一部であることを示している。
・基本的に( 40 ）
・新しい研究によって、考え方（見方）は変化し続けている。
興味深い詳細
・ユダヤ教とキリスト教、そして中国の時間区分がこの記事で取り上げられているのは、( 41 )を示すためである。
・いくつかの研究は、( 42 )が人の体内時計を決定する可能性があり、それが知能や( 43 )の違いの説明になるかもしれないことを示している。
不正解
睡眠時間という意味です。
睡眠の長さではなく、いつ活動するかが問題のため不正解です。
不正解
外見という意味です。
本文に記載がないため不正解です。
正解
行動という意味です。
５段落目の中盤に、It is not all good news for owls， though.Not only can schoolwork be a challenge， but they may miss daytime career opportunities and are more likely to enjoy the bad habits of ”nightlife，” playing at night while larks sleep. Nightlife tends to be expensive. A University of Barcelona study suggests larks are precise， seek perfection， and feel little stress. Owls seek new adventures and exciting leisure activities， yet they often have trouble relaxing（しかし夜型の人にとって良いことばかりではありません。学校の勉強が大変なだけでなく、昼間のキャリアチャンスを逃すこともあります。さたに、夜型の人は朝型の人が眠っている間にナイトライフと呼ばれる悪習を楽しみやすく、それはしばしば高くつくものです。バルセロナ大学の研究によると、朝型の人は正確で完璧を求め、ストレスをあまり感じません。一方、夜型の人は新しい冒険や刺激的な余暇を求めますが、リラックスするのが苦手な傾向にあります。）.と記載があります。朝型と夜型で行動の違いが出ることが述べられているため正解です。
不正解
文化的背景という意味です。
文化は時間の考え方の例として記載があるだけで、知能差や体内時計の要因ではないため不正解です。
不正解
宗教的信念という意味です。
宗教は１日を夜から始める考え方の説明のため不正解です。
不正解
出生時刻という意味です。
( 42 )の問題で使用済のため不正解です。
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