大学入学共通テスト（英語） 過去問
令和5年度（2023年度）追・再試験
問40 (＜旧課程＞英語リーディング（第6問） 問2)

各問いの英文や図表を読み、解答番号にあてはまるものとして最も適当な選択肢を選びなさい。

You belong to an English discussion group. Each week， members read an article， create a summary， and make a challenging quiz question to share. For the next meeting， you read the following article.

Getting to Know Aquatic Species

The mysteries of the deep blue sea have fascinated ocean−watchers for millennia. Aquatic beings， however， cannot easily get to us. What if we go to them？ Despite what you may expect， certain ocean animals will come right up to you. Dan McSweeney， a Hawaii−based underwater research photographer， tells a fascinating story. While he was studying whales underwater， one came charging at him. Whales are huge， so he was worried. The whale stopped， opened its mouth， and“passed” him some tuna. He accepted the gift. McSweeney believes that because of the air bubbles coming from his tank， the whale recognized him as a similar animal and offered the sashimi. Later， the whale came back， and McSweeney returned the food.
Friendly interactions with dolphins or whales are possible， but how about octopuses？ Science fiction sometimes describes aliens as looking like octopuses， so this animal group“cephalopods，” which means“head−feet，” may be perceived as being distant from humans. Yet， if you learn more about them， you might be convinced there is the possibility of interaction. Octopuses have long tentacles（arms／legs）extending from soft round bodies. Besides touch and motion， each tentacle experiences smell and taste and has sucking disks， called suckers， that grab and manipulate things. Their eyes， like two independent cameras， can move 80°and focus on two different things at once. UC Berkeley researcher， Alexander Stubbs， confirms that while octopuses sense light and color differently from humans， they do recognize color changes. These features might indicate that they are intelligent enough to interact with us. In fact， an article in Everyday Mysteries begins：“Question. Can an octopus get to know you？ Answer. Yes.”
Octopuses are known to“return your gaze” when you look at them. They may even remember you. This notion was tested by Roland C. Anderson and his colleagues， who conducted experiments with two similar−looking people wearing the same uniforms. The friendly person， who had fed and socialized with them， got a completely different reaction from the cephalopods than the other person who had not.
When taken from their natural habitat， octopuses can be mischievous， so watch out. They can push the lids off their tanks， escape， and go for a walk. Scientists sometimes get surprise visits. A paper from the Naples Zoological Station， written in 1959， talks about trying to teach three octopuses to pull a lever down for food. Two of them， Albert and Bertram， cooperated with the experiment， but Charles， a clever cephalopod， refused to do so. He shot water at the scientists and ended the experiment by breaking the equipment.
If you are interested in seeing their natural behavior and interactions， getting into the sea and having them come to you might work better. They may even raise a tentacle to motion you over. Around 2007， Peter Godfrey− Smith， a philosophy professor teaching at Harvard University， was home on vacation in Sydney， Australia. Exploring in the ocean， he came across a giant cephalopod. Godfrey−Smith was so impressed by the behavior he witnessed that he started developing philosophy theories based on his observations. Determined to find out what humans could learn from cephalopods， Godfrey− Smith let them guide him. On one ocean trip， another cephalopod took Godfrey−Smith’s colleague by the hand on a 10−minute tour of the octopus’s home，“as if he were being led across the sea floor by a very small， eight− legged child！”
How can you get sea creatures to come to you if you don’t swim？ The Kahn family has solved this with“Coral World” in Eilat， Israel. The lowest floor of the building is actually constructed in the Red Sea， creating a“human display.” Rather than the sea−life performances at many aquariums， you find yourself in a“people tank，” where curious fish and sea creatures， swimming freely in the ocean， come to look at you. To make a good impression， you may want to wear nice clothes.

Choose the best options for （　40　） and （　41　）.