大学入学共通テスト（英語） 過去問
令和5年度（2023年度）追・再試験
問46 (＜旧課程＞英語リーディング（第6問） 問8)
問題文
各問いの英文や図表を読み、解答番号にあてはまるものとして最も適当な選択肢を選びなさい。
You are preparing a poster for an in−school presentation on a scientific discovery， using the following article.
As you are reading this， you probably have a pencil in your hand. In the center of every pencil is something called“lead.” This dark gray material is not actually lead（Pb）， but a different substance， graphite. Graphite has been a major area of research for many years. It is made up of thin layers of carbon that can be easily separated. Indeed， it is this ease of separation that enables the pencil to write. As the pencil rubs against the paper， thin layers of carbon are pulled off the pencil lead and left on the paper as lines or writing.
In 2004， two scientists， Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov， were investigating graphite at the University of Manchester， in the UK. They were trying to see if they could obtain a very thin slice of graphite to study. Their goal was to get a slice of carbon which was between 10 and 100 layers thick. Even though their university laboratory had the latest scientific equipment， they made their incredible breakthrough ― for what was later to become a Nobel Prize−winning discovery ― with only a cheap roll of sticky tape.
In a BBC News interview， Professor Geim described their technique. He said that the first step was to put sticky tape on a piece of graphite. Then， when the tape is pulled off， a flake of graphite will come off on the tape. Next， fold the tape in half， sticking the flake onto the other side of the tape. Then pull the tape apart to split the flake. You now have two flakes， roughly half as thick as before. Fold the tape together once more in a slightly different position to avoid having the flakes touch each other. Pull it apart again， and you will now have four thinner flakes than before. Repeat this procedure 10 or 20 times， and you’re left with many very thin flakes attached to your tape. Finally， you dissolve the tape using chemicals so everything goes into a solution.
Geim and Novoselov then looked at the solution， and were surprised to see that the thin flakes were flat and not rolled up − and even more surprised that the flakes were as thin as only a matter of weeks before they were studying whether these thin sheets could be used in computer chips.By 2005，they had succeeded in separating a single layer of graphite.As this does not exist naturally，this new material was given a new name：graphene.Graphene is one of the few two−dimensional（2D）materials known，and forms a six−sided，honeycomb−patterned structure.In addition，it is possibly the lightest and strongest substance known on earth.It is also excellent at carrying electricity.In fact，at laboratory temperatures （20−25°C），graphene conducts electricity faster than any known substance. This has led to manufacturers investing in further research because graphene−based batteries could last three times longer and be charged five times faster than lithium−ion batteries.
Graphene has been called a super−material because of its amazing
properties. It is 1，000 times lighter than paper and close to being totally transparent. It allows 98％ of light to pass through it while at the same time it is so dense that even one molecule of helium gas cannot pass through it. It can also convert light into electricity. It is 200 times stronger than steel by weight： So strong in fact，that if you could make a 1m2sheet of graphene，it would weigh less than a human hair and be strong enough to hold the weight of a cat. Quite simply，this material found in pencil lead has the potential to revolutionize the development of computer chips，rechargeable batteries，and strong，light−weight materials.
From the list below， select the two which best describe graphene’s properties. （The order does not matter.）（ 46 ）･（ 47 ）
You are preparing a poster for an in−school presentation on a scientific discovery， using the following article.
As you are reading this， you probably have a pencil in your hand. In the center of every pencil is something called“lead.” This dark gray material is not actually lead（Pb）， but a different substance， graphite. Graphite has been a major area of research for many years. It is made up of thin layers of carbon that can be easily separated. Indeed， it is this ease of separation that enables the pencil to write. As the pencil rubs against the paper， thin layers of carbon are pulled off the pencil lead and left on the paper as lines or writing.
In 2004， two scientists， Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov， were investigating graphite at the University of Manchester， in the UK. They were trying to see if they could obtain a very thin slice of graphite to study. Their goal was to get a slice of carbon which was between 10 and 100 layers thick. Even though their university laboratory had the latest scientific equipment， they made their incredible breakthrough ― for what was later to become a Nobel Prize−winning discovery ― with only a cheap roll of sticky tape.
In a BBC News interview， Professor Geim described their technique. He said that the first step was to put sticky tape on a piece of graphite. Then， when the tape is pulled off， a flake of graphite will come off on the tape. Next， fold the tape in half， sticking the flake onto the other side of the tape. Then pull the tape apart to split the flake. You now have two flakes， roughly half as thick as before. Fold the tape together once more in a slightly different position to avoid having the flakes touch each other. Pull it apart again， and you will now have four thinner flakes than before. Repeat this procedure 10 or 20 times， and you’re left with many very thin flakes attached to your tape. Finally， you dissolve the tape using chemicals so everything goes into a solution.
Geim and Novoselov then looked at the solution， and were surprised to see that the thin flakes were flat and not rolled up − and even more surprised that the flakes were as thin as only a matter of weeks before they were studying whether these thin sheets could be used in computer chips.By 2005，they had succeeded in separating a single layer of graphite.As this does not exist naturally，this new material was given a new name：graphene.Graphene is one of the few two−dimensional（2D）materials known，and forms a six−sided，honeycomb−patterned structure.In addition，it is possibly the lightest and strongest substance known on earth.It is also excellent at carrying electricity.In fact，at laboratory temperatures （20−25°C），graphene conducts electricity faster than any known substance. This has led to manufacturers investing in further research because graphene−based batteries could last three times longer and be charged five times faster than lithium−ion batteries.
Graphene has been called a super−material because of its amazing
properties. It is 1，000 times lighter than paper and close to being totally transparent. It allows 98％ of light to pass through it while at the same time it is so dense that even one molecule of helium gas cannot pass through it. It can also convert light into electricity. It is 200 times stronger than steel by weight： So strong in fact，that if you could make a 1m2sheet of graphene，it would weigh less than a human hair and be strong enough to hold the weight of a cat. Quite simply，this material found in pencil lead has the potential to revolutionize the development of computer chips，rechargeable batteries，and strong，light−weight materials.
From the list below， select the two which best describe graphene’s properties. （The order does not matter.）（ 46 ）･（ 47 ）
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問題
大学入学共通テスト（英語）試験 令和5年度（2023年度）追・再試験 問46（＜旧課程＞英語リーディング（第6問） 問8） （訂正依頼・報告はこちら）
各問いの英文や図表を読み、解答番号にあてはまるものとして最も適当な選択肢を選びなさい。
You are preparing a poster for an in−school presentation on a scientific discovery， using the following article.
As you are reading this， you probably have a pencil in your hand. In the center of every pencil is something called“lead.” This dark gray material is not actually lead（Pb）， but a different substance， graphite. Graphite has been a major area of research for many years. It is made up of thin layers of carbon that can be easily separated. Indeed， it is this ease of separation that enables the pencil to write. As the pencil rubs against the paper， thin layers of carbon are pulled off the pencil lead and left on the paper as lines or writing.
In 2004， two scientists， Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov， were investigating graphite at the University of Manchester， in the UK. They were trying to see if they could obtain a very thin slice of graphite to study. Their goal was to get a slice of carbon which was between 10 and 100 layers thick. Even though their university laboratory had the latest scientific equipment， they made their incredible breakthrough ― for what was later to become a Nobel Prize−winning discovery ― with only a cheap roll of sticky tape.
In a BBC News interview， Professor Geim described their technique. He said that the first step was to put sticky tape on a piece of graphite. Then， when the tape is pulled off， a flake of graphite will come off on the tape. Next， fold the tape in half， sticking the flake onto the other side of the tape. Then pull the tape apart to split the flake. You now have two flakes， roughly half as thick as before. Fold the tape together once more in a slightly different position to avoid having the flakes touch each other. Pull it apart again， and you will now have four thinner flakes than before. Repeat this procedure 10 or 20 times， and you’re left with many very thin flakes attached to your tape. Finally， you dissolve the tape using chemicals so everything goes into a solution.
Geim and Novoselov then looked at the solution， and were surprised to see that the thin flakes were flat and not rolled up − and even more surprised that the flakes were as thin as only a matter of weeks before they were studying whether these thin sheets could be used in computer chips.By 2005，they had succeeded in separating a single layer of graphite.As this does not exist naturally，this new material was given a new name：graphene.Graphene is one of the few two−dimensional（2D）materials known，and forms a six−sided，honeycomb−patterned structure.In addition，it is possibly the lightest and strongest substance known on earth.It is also excellent at carrying electricity.In fact，at laboratory temperatures （20−25°C），graphene conducts electricity faster than any known substance. This has led to manufacturers investing in further research because graphene−based batteries could last three times longer and be charged five times faster than lithium−ion batteries.
Graphene has been called a super−material because of its amazing
properties. It is 1，000 times lighter than paper and close to being totally transparent. It allows 98％ of light to pass through it while at the same time it is so dense that even one molecule of helium gas cannot pass through it. It can also convert light into electricity. It is 200 times stronger than steel by weight： So strong in fact，that if you could make a 1m2sheet of graphene，it would weigh less than a human hair and be strong enough to hold the weight of a cat. Quite simply，this material found in pencil lead has the potential to revolutionize the development of computer chips，rechargeable batteries，and strong，light−weight materials.
From the list below， select the two which best describe graphene’s properties. （The order does not matter.）（ 46 ）･（ 47 ）
You are preparing a poster for an in−school presentation on a scientific discovery， using the following article.
As you are reading this， you probably have a pencil in your hand. In the center of every pencil is something called“lead.” This dark gray material is not actually lead（Pb）， but a different substance， graphite. Graphite has been a major area of research for many years. It is made up of thin layers of carbon that can be easily separated. Indeed， it is this ease of separation that enables the pencil to write. As the pencil rubs against the paper， thin layers of carbon are pulled off the pencil lead and left on the paper as lines or writing.
In 2004， two scientists， Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov， were investigating graphite at the University of Manchester， in the UK. They were trying to see if they could obtain a very thin slice of graphite to study. Their goal was to get a slice of carbon which was between 10 and 100 layers thick. Even though their university laboratory had the latest scientific equipment， they made their incredible breakthrough ― for what was later to become a Nobel Prize−winning discovery ― with only a cheap roll of sticky tape.
In a BBC News interview， Professor Geim described their technique. He said that the first step was to put sticky tape on a piece of graphite. Then， when the tape is pulled off， a flake of graphite will come off on the tape. Next， fold the tape in half， sticking the flake onto the other side of the tape. Then pull the tape apart to split the flake. You now have two flakes， roughly half as thick as before. Fold the tape together once more in a slightly different position to avoid having the flakes touch each other. Pull it apart again， and you will now have four thinner flakes than before. Repeat this procedure 10 or 20 times， and you’re left with many very thin flakes attached to your tape. Finally， you dissolve the tape using chemicals so everything goes into a solution.
Geim and Novoselov then looked at the solution， and were surprised to see that the thin flakes were flat and not rolled up − and even more surprised that the flakes were as thin as only a matter of weeks before they were studying whether these thin sheets could be used in computer chips.By 2005，they had succeeded in separating a single layer of graphite.As this does not exist naturally，this new material was given a new name：graphene.Graphene is one of the few two−dimensional（2D）materials known，and forms a six−sided，honeycomb−patterned structure.In addition，it is possibly the lightest and strongest substance known on earth.It is also excellent at carrying electricity.In fact，at laboratory temperatures （20−25°C），graphene conducts electricity faster than any known substance. This has led to manufacturers investing in further research because graphene−based batteries could last three times longer and be charged five times faster than lithium−ion batteries.
Graphene has been called a super−material because of its amazing
properties. It is 1，000 times lighter than paper and close to being totally transparent. It allows 98％ of light to pass through it while at the same time it is so dense that even one molecule of helium gas cannot pass through it. It can also convert light into electricity. It is 200 times stronger than steel by weight： So strong in fact，that if you could make a 1m2sheet of graphene，it would weigh less than a human hair and be strong enough to hold the weight of a cat. Quite simply，this material found in pencil lead has the potential to revolutionize the development of computer chips，rechargeable batteries，and strong，light−weight materials.
From the list below， select the two which best describe graphene’s properties. （The order does not matter.）（ 46 ）･（ 47 ）
- At average room temperature， it is the world’s most efficient material for carrying electricity.
- Gram for gram， graphene is stronger and more resistant to electricity.
- Graphene weighs slightly more than graphite per cm2.
- It allows almost all light to pass through its structure.
- Its six−sided honeycomb structure allows gas particles to pass from one side to another.
正解！素晴らしいです
残念...
この過去問の解説 （3件）
01
問題文は、
「下のリストから、グラフェンの性質を最もよく表すものを２つ選びなさい。（順不同）」
です。
グラフェンの特徴として書かれているのは、
In fact，at laboratory temperatures （20−25°C），graphene conducts electricity faster than any known substance.
（実際、実験室の室温（20~25℃）で、グラフェンはほかの知られている物質よりも早く電気を通す。）
It is 1，000 times lighter than paper and close to being totally transparent. It allows 98％ of light to pass through it while at the same time it is so dense that even one molecule of helium gas cannot pass through it. It can also convert light into electricity. It is 200 times stronger than steel by weight.
(紙より1000倍軽く、ほぼ透明だ。98％の光を通す一方で、非常に密度が濃いので、ヘリウムガスの1分子さえも通すことができない。また、光を電気に変換することができる。重さでは、鋼鉄の200倍強い。)
です。
この内容に適するものを選びます。
正解 「平均的な室温で、電気を運ぶのに、世界でもっとも効率的な物質である。」
In fact，at laboratory temperatures （20−25°C），graphene conducts electricity faster than any known substance.
（実際、実験室の室温（20~25℃）で、グラフェンはほかの知られている物質よりも早く電気を通す。）
この室温は、一般的な室温と言えるため、正解です。
「同一質量で、グラフェンは電気より強く、電気への抵抗が強い。」
graphene conducts electricity faster than any known substance.
（グラフェンはほかの知られている物質よりも早く電気を通す。）
とあり、電気への抵抗が非常に低いと言えます。
「グラフェンは、1平方センチメートルあたり、黒鉛よりわずかに重い。」
黒鉛は、グラフェンが層になったものなので、黒鉛のほうが重いです。
正解 「構造を通して、ほとんどの光を通す。」
It allows 98％ of light to pass through it
（98％の光を通す）
とあり、正解です。
「六角形のハチの巣構造は、ガスの分子を通す。」
it is so dense that even one molecule of helium gas cannot pass through it.
（非常に密度が濃いので、ヘリウムガスの1分子さえも通すことができない。）
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この解説の修正を提案する
02
次の中から、グラフェンの性質を最もよく表しているものを２つ選ぶ問題です。
訳）
あなたがこれを読んでいる今、おそらく手に鉛筆を持っているでしょう。すべての鉛筆の中心には「芯」と呼ばれるものがあります。この濃い灰色の物質は実際には鉛（Pb）ではなく、黒鉛という別の物質です。黒鉛は長年にわたり主要な研究対象となってきました。これは簡単に分離できる薄い炭素の層からできています。実際、鉛筆が文字を書けるのは、このはがれやすさのおかげです。鉛筆が紙にこすられると、薄い炭素の層が芯からはがれ、線や文字として紙に残るのです。
・substance（名詞） : 物質
・rub（動詞） : こする
・pull off : はがれる
2004年、イギリスのマンチェスター大学で、Andre Geim と Konstantin Novoselov の2人の科学者が黒鉛を研究していました。彼らは研究のために、非常に薄い黒鉛の断片を得られるかどうかを試していました。目標は、10層から100層ほどの厚さの炭素の薄片を作ることでした。大学の研究室には最新の科学機器がそろっていましたが、後にノーベル賞受賞につながるこの驚くべき発見は、たった1巻きの安価な粘着テープによって達成されました。
・investigate（動詞） : 研究する
・breakthrough（名詞）: 突破口
BBCニュースのインタビューで、Geim教授はその方法を説明しています。まず、黒鉛に粘着テープを貼ります。そしてテープをはがすと、グラファイトの薄片がテープに付着します。次にテープを半分に折り、薄片を反対側にくっつけます。そしてテープを引き離すと、薄片は2つに分かれます。これで厚さがほぼ半分になった2枚の薄片ができます。さらに、薄片同士が触れないよう少しずらして再びテープを折り、また引き離します。すると、より薄い4枚の薄片になります。この作業を10回から20回繰り返すと、非常に薄い多数の薄片がテープに残ります。最後に、化学薬品を使ってテープを溶かし、すべてを溶液にします。
・flake（名詞） : 薄片
・come off : はがれる、外れる
・roughly（副詞） : だいたい
・procedure（名詞） : 手順
・dissolve（動詞） : 溶かす
・solution（名詞） : 溶液
その後、GeimとNovoselovはその溶液を観察し、薄片が丸まらず平らであることに驚きました。そしてさらに驚いたのは、その薄片が極めて薄かったことです。数週間のうちに、彼らはこれらの薄いシートがコンピューターチップに利用できるかどうかを研究し始めました。2005年までに、彼らはついに黒鉛の単一層を分離することに成功しました。これは自然界には存在しないため、この新しい物質はグラフェンと名付けられました。グラフェンは、知られている数少ない２次元（2D）物質の一つで、六角形の蜂の巣状構造をしています。さらに、地球上で最も軽く、最も強い物質の１つと考えられています。また、電気を非常によく通します。実験室の温度（20〜25℃）では、グラフェンは既知のどの物質よりも速く電気を伝導します。そのため、グラフェンを使った電池はリチウムイオン電池よりも3倍長持ちし、5倍速く充電できる可能性があり、メーカーはさらなる研究に投資しています。
・two−dimensional（形容詞） : 二次元の
conduct（動詞） : 伝導する
グラフェンは、その驚くべき特性からスーパー素材と呼ばれています。紙の1000分の1の軽さで、ほぼ完全に透明です。光の98％を通す一方で、非常に密度が高く、ヘリウムガスの分子１つでさえ通すことができません。また、光を電気に変えることもできます。重さあたりでは鋼鉄の200倍の強さを持っています。もし1平方メートルのグラフェンシートを作ることができれば、その重さは人間の髪の毛よりも軽く、それでいて猫1匹を支えられるほどの強度があります。
要するに、鉛筆の芯に含まれているこの物質は、コンピューターチップ、充電式電池、そして軽くて強い素材の開発に革命をもたらす可能性を秘めているのです。
・property（名詞） : 特性
・transparent（形容詞） : 透明な
・dense（形容詞） : 密集した
・convert A into B : AをＢに変える
基本情報（44）
グラフェンは…
A. 二次元（2D）物質である。
B. 黒鉛から分離された単一層である。
C. 非常に薄い金属のシートである。
D. 自然界には存在しない物質である。
E. 金網のように見える。
F. 高度な装置を使わずに分離された。
ガイムとノボセロフがグラファイトを分離した方法（5段階）
ステップ1：黒鉛に粘着テープを押しつけ、はがす。
ステップ2：（45）
ステップ3：（45）
ステップ4：（45）
ステップ5：テープを化学溶液で溶かし、薄片を回収する。
グラフェンの特性
（46）
（47）
将来の利用
（48）
正解
平均的な室温において、電気の伝導率が世界で最も効率的な物質であるという意味です。
４段落目の後半に、at laboratory temperatures （20−25°C），graphene conducts electricity faster than any known substance（実験室の温度（20〜25℃）では、グラフェンは既知のどの物質よりも速く電気を伝導します）.と記載があるため正解です。
不正解
同じ重さで比べると、グラフェンはより強く、電気に対してより耐性があるという意味です。
グラフェンは電気をよく通しますが、抵抗するという意味ではないため不正解です。
gram for gram : 同じグラムの重量で
不正解
グラフェンは１cm２あたり、黒鉛よりわずかに重いという意味です。
地球上で最も軽いと記述があるため不正解です。
正解
その構造を通して、ほぼすべての光を通すという意味です。
５行目の文頭に、It allows 98％ of light to pass through（光の98％を通す）.と記載があるため正解です。
不正解
六角形のハチの巣構造によって、気体粒子が一方から他方へ通過できるという意味です。
ハチの巣構造は正しいですが、非常に密度が高く、ヘリウムガスの分子１つでさえ通すことができませんと記載があるため不正解です。
conductとresistantの違い、almost all light=９８％に注意しながら問題を解きましょう。
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03
Grapheneの性質についての問題です。４、5段落目の、Grapheneの性質を理解すると、正答率は上がります。では、問題を見てみましょう。
正解です。本文には以下の記述があります。
"In fact，at laboratory temperatures （20−25°C），graphene conducts electricity faster than any known substance."
room(laboratory)temperaturesでは、grapheneは世界で1番電気伝導性が高いので、正しいです。
不正解です。本文には以下の記述があります。
"It is also excellent at carrying electricity."
選択肢ではGrapheneは強く、電気抵抗率が高いと書いてあるので、間違っています。
不正解です。Grapheneはgraphiteを加工したものなので、密度は同じです。
正解です。本文には以下の記述があります。
"It allows 98％ of light to pass through"
Grapheneはほとんどすべての光を通すので、正しいです。
不正解です。本文には以下の記述があります。
"it is so dense that even one molecule of helium gas cannot pass through it."
ハチの巣構造なのは正しいですが、Grapheneはヘリウム分子を通さないほど重いので、気体の分子も通しません。よって間違いです。
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